Colon & Rectal Cancer Screening and Diagnosis

Colon and rectal cancer often develops slowly over time without showing symptoms. This makes screening an important tool for finding cancer early or even preventing it. Understanding when to get screened and how colon and rectal cancer is diagnosed can help you take the right steps for your health.

When to Get Screened for Colon and Rectal Cancer

The goal of colorectal cancer screening is to detect cancer early or find precancerous polyps before they become cancerous.

According to the American Cancer Society, most adults at average risk should begin regular colorectal cancer screening at age 45. People with higher risk factors, such as a family history of colorectal cancer, certain genetic conditions, or a history of Crohn’s disease, may need to start screening earlier and be tested more often.

Types of Colon and Rectal Cancer Screening

There are several screening options available, and the best choice depends on your personal risk and preferences.

Colonoscopy is considered the most comprehensive screening test. During this procedure, a doctor examines the entire colon and rectum using a flexible tube with a camera. It allows for both detection and removal of polyps during the same procedure. If you are at higher risk for developing colorectal cancer, this is usually the primary screening test recommended.

If you’re at average risk of developing colorectal cancer, at-home tests may be an option. Stool-sample tests, performed at home, look for hidden blood or abnormal DNA in the stool that may be a sign of cancer. While convenient, abnormal test results usually require a follow-up colonoscopy.

Other screening methods, such as CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy), may also be used in certain situations, although they still require a follow-up colonoscopy if something abnormal is found.

Biopsy During Colonoscopy

The purpose of a colonoscopy is to look for any abnormal growths, called polyps, in the lining of the intestine. The doctor can remove polyps during this procedure. Any that are large or are potentially cancerous will be sent to a pathologist to review under a microscope.

If cancer is found at a later stage, surgery to remove the tumor may be performed, and then a sample is sent for testing.

The pathologist will determine whether cancer or precancerous cells are present.

A biopsy is the only way to confirm a diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer. If cancer is found, additional testing, such as imaging, biomarker testing, and blood tests, may be required to determine the stage and guide treatment.

For small polyps or precancerous conditions, removal of the polyp may be all that’s needed. Others may need additional surgery to remove a larger area around where the cancer was found.

Colon and Rectal Cancer Care at Blue Ridge Cancer Care

If you are diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer, you can schedule an appointment with Blue Ridge Cancer Care to begin developing a personalized treatment plan. Our oncology team reviews your biopsy results, imaging, and any additional testing to recommend the most effective approach for your care. We also work closely with the surgeon to determine the right time for surgery, if needed.

Patients throughout Southwest Virginia, including Roanoke, Salem, Blacksburg, Wytheville, Bedford, Lexington, Pulaski, Rocky Mount, Princeton, and Fairlea, can access advanced cancer treatment in a convenient, community-based setting. With a focus on personalized care and modern therapies, Blue Ridge Cancer Care provides expert treatment close to home.